The Architecture Of Theatres Architecture Essay

The Architecture Of Theaters Architecture Essay Back to the primary portion of the twentieth century and it was in America that large scale manufacturing was getting always effective and chains of theaters were sprouting everywhere throughout the nation. Planners charged to structure these performance centers were done being advised by the dramatists and chiefs however by the proprietors of the chains with the sole aim on expanding film industry deals. The feel were obviously expected for the paying client and the cash coordinated at the passage hall and the consistently developing theater spaces and the less spent on the ever littler changing areas. This issue was less regular in Britain around that time as not many performance centers were worked during the war yet a prime model for Britain came about with the redevelopment of the Memorial Theater in Stratford-upon-Avon in 1930. Planned by pioneer modeler Elizabeth Scott, following quite a while of gathering pledges and board gatherings, was communicated by the executive of the theater William Bridge-Adam as having, Outright adaptability, a crate of stunts out of which the youngster like brain of the maker may make whichever shape it satisfies. It ought to have the option to offer Mr Poel an Elizabethan stage after his souls want. The Architectural Review reacted to it with basic approval. Sightline was a territory singled out as being particularily acceptable without any columns impeding any perspectives and no crates. Acoustics were likewise referenced, the state of the venue takes after a mammoth horn and is condescended to such an extent that the players can be crowd from all pieces of the stage and the sound dispersed equally all through the amphitheater. The spreads and the roof of the proscenium, along with the forestage when being used, go about as reinforcment to the wellspring of sound. At last the utilization of materials and the style where referenced. In spite of the fact that new auditoriums keep on showing up in consistent progression all through the nation, every newcomer, with exceptionally infrequent special case, speaks to close to another progression along the tedious way of theme trimming and useless embellishment. Since Palladio manufactured his performance center of Vicenza there has been no advancement other than an expanding inclination towards profanity and over-elaboration㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦ in the new venue in Stratford-on-Avon materials are utilized with insight, determination and wellness of direction and structured by the idea of the material. It later turned out to be evident that the on-screen characters didn't feel a similar way. Remarks were made over the good ways from the stage and first line and the uncovered dividers extending from the proscenium to the circle. It was portrayed in The Other Theater, distributed in 1947,Word tally: 294 as though performing to Calais from the precipices of Dover. (Baliol Holloway) Unmistakably the designer had not accomplished what she had needed (a private theater) nor what the customer wanted. What had occurred here was an absence of correspondence and participation between the two callings. In the past there was a comprehension of what was required and little was said between either callings however in those days the planners chipping away at theater structures would have had some expertise in Theater structure, a large portion of them being developers themselves with quite a long while of experience under their belts. The word pro was not utilized in Britain until the mid-nineteenth century, pervious to that a planner who structured performance centers would simply be alluded to as a Theater Designer. Prior cases have been recorded in different pieces of the reality where eminent general planners have figured they could take care of the issues stirred by the old venue structures. Toward the finish of the eighteenth century London had a few theaters which had work done to them, for example, Benjamin Dean Wyatts Theater Royal in Drury Lane which additionally got building basic approval. Time and again theaters worked by prestigious generalist designers are progressively lavish and wind up having work done to the assembly room inside and around 10 years. Fortunately for both planner and theater proprietor cash had opened up for modifies and changes anyway huge. The theater callings disappointment with crafted by Wyatts at Drury Lane and Elizabeth Scott at Stratford - upon-Avon are just two or three instances of what happens when celebrated planners attempt to force an answer for and old and acclimated issue. Their conviction that they could reevaluate the idea of the amphitheaters is sues upon their first endeavor can be viewed as naãÆ'â ¯ve and as the theater calling is more voluble than the building domain when incited, the open tend acknowledge the fault being set on the draftsman. Word check: 385 Fortunately there are a couple of first time Architects, Theater Designers and Consultants who do tune in to their customers and are eager to invest the energy reading the code for assembly room configuration just as meet specialized prerequisites. Therefore there are numerous auditoriums in both Britain and America which capacity out of a solid connection between both theater and design callings. The breakdown in correspondence is the thing that the two sides must be careful about and this can regularly be brought about by the modelers natural to offer slim assets to the outer plan. Now and again the reality of the situation may prove that the planner has taken a pioneer attitude, odd to the showy priority which is commonly that the outside of the structure should communicate whats inside and furthermore the opposite way around. In this way for the sake of design honesty in general, the enumerating and shape to the assembly room could be relinquished by the draftsman under his procl amation. Taking a gander at it the issue in detail, a similar result can be brought about by the feeling that the planner isn't transforming anything simply redesigning the hall components all the more adequately which is similarly as risky as accepting that they can change the idea of the assembly room itself. In this way by attempting to arrange these key segments, for example, lighting, side seating and acoustic materials, and moving them to the edge of the space the eye of the watcher might be attracted to the outside of the stage as opposed to inwards at the on-screen character. The consideration would be attracted to the side dividers and roof subsequently the on-screen character should invest more energy to pick up the consideration of the crowd. The issue with halls in the past was the inability to cause the to notice the front 15ft of the phase which ought to seem to glide. A portion of the causes may have been that the seating went excessively far back or was spread excess ively wide. The stem for this issue possibly that a few modelers are instructed and turn out to be firm adherents that structure follows work, in this way the usefulness error. They work just with measurements in making a structure which is directed simply on numbers. Territories of the structure which couldn't be estimated were frequently overlooked or left to the engineer to choose the result unattended. This is an away from of an absence of a genuine philosophical conversation on the idea of how theater capacities, between the showy specialist and the modeler. Word check: 403 To comprehend the draftsman lets take a gander at how the advancement of the best possible way to deal with theater structure. As a matter of first importance a group should be shaped comprising of: a draftsman, engineer, acoustic advisor, cost expert and theater specialist. An engineer normally heads the group as is in the modelers office where the person works close by accomplices, relates and has specialists underneath heading various offices on the development drawings. There will be some more youthful individuals from the group which would have graduated high from their engineering schools needing to work for an accomplished draftsman on significant level tasks who invest their energy attempting to discover normal arrangements through structuring sketch plans with the modeler. These youngsters are who the Theater Consultants ought to liaise with. The Engineers every so often tend to assume control over a task which can be hazardous for the situation of the planner. The electrical designer has the most secure job as far as lighting which can be administered by the Theater Consultant and progressively vital to the achievement of the task is the mechanical architect. The mechanical designer assumes responsibility for the warming and ventilation. Theaters necessitate that the space be dry and cool while likewise being quiet, something theater administrators determine as being fundamental is the quietness. Design Actor Audience expresses that Simply there is nothing increasingly costly and nothing progressively essential. The general occupation of the specialists be them electrical, auxiliary or mechanical is to tackle how the structure is assembled rather than the what and the why of the plan. This leads us to the risky cases in which the specialists assume control over the job of originator of theaters from the planners. 1950s America and architects were rising with various capabilities in stage structure and acoustic and picturesque designing asserting they had answers for sights and sounds. Fixed edges where decided for adequate sightlines in the halls. Roofs covered up by lighting, recently alluded to as the sky to catch the rising human soul and to keep a top on the performance center space to concentrate down to the on-screen character. The side dividers which had been fixed with humankind in the early years were likewise now molded for acoustic points of interest. To make a venue that was cozy, it was proposed that the farthest seats from the stage must be of a specific separation. Jo Melziners supposed field tests in which he presumed that the farthest separation of: 55ft (16.8m) for Julie Harris in show, somewhat more for Gertrude Berg in a fairly wide parody and 100ft (30m) for Ethel Merman in anything. What had not appeared to be considered was the thickness of the space given to the individual crowd part or of the effect of the measure of individuals to be fitted into the full separation designated. Just to make reference to a portion of the venues adored by the theater calling; the Old Vic in London, the Lyceum and the Booth in New York, all

Berlitz Kids German Language Pack

Berlitz Kids German Language Pack Very scarcely any primary schools show unknown dialects, regardless of research demonstrating that kids age 12 and more youthful are considerably more open language students than more established understudies. The Berlitz Kids Language Pack arrangement is focused on guardians who know this, and need to offer their child or little girl the advantages of a subsequent language. The Berlitz Kids German Language Pack program targets youngsters ages five and up. The Language Pack arrives in a beautiful cardboard attaché bundle with handle that children can heft around. The Berlitz Kids German bundle incorporates the accompanying: The Missing Cat/Die verschwundene Katze story bookAudio CD for the story book and songsFirst 100 German Words picture dictionaryHelp Your Child with a Foreign Language manage bookBerlitz Language German Club testament The Berlitz Kids German Language Pack materials show the language in a characteristic, natural way that is appropriate for youthful students. In a perusing and narrating position, alongside melodies in German, kids are acquainted with German jargon, sentence structure, and the hints of the language (on CD). Berlitz has repackaged its 1998 Language Pack release, dropping the previous cheat sheets, and putting the sound on CD as opposed to tapes. The story book is in German with English in littler print. The going with sound CD has incredible sound and incorporates eight chime in tunes that go with every section of the story book. The account of Nicholas and Princess, his missing feline, is a regular represented childrens story that figures out how to present essential German jargon and sentence structure without appearing to show them obviously. Berlitz offers two extra German story books (The Five Crayons and A Visit to Grandma, additionally with sound CD) at additional cost, which is one of only a handful hardly any grievances I have about this $27.00 bundle. For that sum, it ought to incorporate something beyond one story book. Other than The Missing Cat, the main other written word for the youthful understudy is a slender 26-page picture word reference called the First 100 Words. Be that as it may, guardians are offered some genuine assistance in directing their young student. Other than having the option to learn and peruse alongside their youth, the included 210-page book Help Your Child with a Foreign Language by Opal Dunn assists guardians with making a superior showing of acquainting another dialect with their children. The book is a thorough guide that incorporates instructive data, language exercises and games, Language Time thoughts, German expressions, errors to keep away from, proposed showing procedures, and different assets to support mother or father upgrade the childs learning experience. It urges guardians to take an interest in their childs language learning by offering smart thoughts and useful techniques for youthful students that they can utilize. I have granted the Berlitz Kids Language Pack German program four stars (out of five) since it offers a decent prologue to German for kids, however it ought to incorporate at any rate one more story book as opposed to offering it at additional expense. I found the German melodies somewhat disturbing (all sung by similar craftsmen), however most little youngsters will presumably adore them. Kids and their folks will appreciate learning German with the Language Pack. It is additionally accessible for Italian, French, and Spanish. Berlitz Kids German Language PackStory book/sound CD, picture word reference, parent direct, certificateBerlitz Publishing/Langenscheidt$26.95 SRP

Impact of Crimes on Individuals and Society-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Identity violations and their effect on people and society. 2.Discuss aobut the Myopic panopticon and impact of utilization of CCTV on commission of violations. Answers: 1.The term character wrongdoing is utilized to allude to demonstrations of utilizing a manufactured, controlled or taken personality of either a genuine individual or a bogus individual with the purpose of encouraging unlawful, against social exercises. The idea of character wrongdoing envelops three unique ideas of personality related violations. Right off the bat, data fraud which happens when an individual takes or accept, without assent, a critical bit of the character of a genuine individual. Besides, character trickery which happens when an individual expect an imaginary personality, made by utilizing highlights of certain parts of a real individual who might be in any condition and without assent. Thirdly, personality misrepresentation which is an idea which includes both the previously mentioned classifications, aside from it includes further creation utilization of the manufactured or taken character to execute wrongdoings while remaining under front of the made or taken per sonality (Wall2013). Character wrongdoings would thus be able to be ordered into two gatherings. Right off the bat, demonstrations of expecting a character which isn't ones own. Also, demonstrations of utilizing another personality to perpetrate crimes. The principal class doesn't really infer any mischief to society, for an individual could try to expect an alternate character for different reasons which may not really be unsafe others. In any case, dominatingly, personality violations are carried out with the purpose to dodge the law implementers, for they may have been perpetrated to encourage different wrongdoings, for example, budgetary misrepresentation, tax evasion, dealing, pirating and even fear based oppression (Smith and Hutchings 2014). The frequency of character violations is supposedly one of the main classes of wrongdoing in Australia with monetary extortion emerging in outcome to character misrepresentation having a pace of 4%-5% every year according to the AIC Identity Crime and Misuse overview report in 2016.It was further purportedly found by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) review in 2015 that 6.4% of the populace who were beyond fifteen years old have purportedly been defrauded by a character misrepresentation in the year 2014 to 2015.Unsurprisingly, it has likewise been seen that 96% of the respondents of the study have commented that see abuse of their own data to be a critical concern. As indicated by the report, Identity-wrongdoing and-abuse in-Australia-2016, discharged by the Attorney-Generals Department, there has been of misfortunes adding up to more than $1.6 billion every year, with character violations, for example, credit misrepresentation and tricks emerging out of personality trickine ss and burglary representing about $900m of the all out assessments every year. It was additionally expressed that personality wrongdoing is a key facilitator of composed violations which present genuine security dangers to society and the expenses have been evaluated to be near around $15 billion for each. It is in this manner clear that personality wrongdoings represent a genuine danger to people and puts trouble on society everywhere on various levels regarding mortal, money related just as mental security. 2.In the last 50% of the eighteenth century, an English scholar called Jeremy Bentham had concocted a structure of a remedial foundation called Panopticon, whereby the prisoners could be held under steady reconnaissance by the work force in control. The justification behind such a structure was clarified as having the detainees know about being under observation however not of when they are really being spied upon would authorize a feeling of alert and conjure a cognizant exertion to remain sticking to the guidelines of follower expected of them. The thought has started numerous conversations on the subject of declaring force and practicing power over a people by just the keeping an observation upon their exercises. It is this idea of Panopticon combined with the nearsighted perspective on day by day life as made conceivable through CCTV reconnaissance that has made the acknowledgment of the thought as a way to uphold peace a genuine chance (Sheridan2016). This way to deal with impar t discipline in the public eye is what is alluded to as Myopic Panopticon. Shut circuit TV or CCTV is a well known apparatus to hinder and decrease wrongdoing around the globe. It is commonly anticipated that the nearsighted view, introduced by CCTVs to the law authorization specialists would work to at any rate bring to equity the individuals who may violate the law if not put a hindrance to potential culprits. There have been numerous endeavors to confirm whether CCTVs have in certainty had the option to make progress in dissuading wrongdoing. As indicated by a survey on the point, in light of a Campbell Collaboration Systematic Review by the College of Policing, UK in 2013, it was accounted for that CCTVs can in truth lead to a little decrease in wrongdoings. It additionally expressed that effect of CCTV observation is wrongdoing explicit and in spite of the fact that it can assist with stopping violations like robbery, it has little impact on frequency of fierce wrongdoings (What-works-preparation impacts of-CCTV 2013). Despite the fact that there have been no complete ends drawn about the issue, it has been instigated that there might be certain outcomes relying upon the sort of wrongdoing and area of the CCTV, for example, in 2017, in his audit of seven investigations for his examination on how observation cameras influence wrongdoing decrease, Gustav Alexandrie, announced that 24 to 28% decrease in violations with respect to lanes and urban metros have been accounted for in those investigations. Be that as it may, little distinction has been seen on account of parking areas and rural metros. Furthermore he revealed of decrease in misconduct in sports arenas just as instances of burglary in jam-packed commercial centers (Alexandrie 2017). Viability of CCTV as counter fear based oppression measure is anyway an issue which is still under scrutiny. A Surveillance framework fundamentally assumes the job of an impediment in such cases. Notwithstanding, CCTV film had assumed a key job for getting the culprits of the London bombarding in July 2005 (Stutzer and Zehndern2013).Overall, CCTVs have end up being helpful in keeping up open request to a specific level for explicit arrangements of violations. References Alexandrie, G., 2017. Reconnaissance cameras and wrongdoing: a survey of randomized and characteristic experiments.Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention,18(2), pp.210-222. Character wrongdoing and-abuse in-Australia-2016., 2016. [ebook] Commonwealth of Australia, p.5. Accessible at: https://www.ag.gov.au/RightsAndProtections/IdentitySecurity/Documents/Identity-wrongdoing and-abuse in-Australia-2016.pdf [Accessed 8 Feb. 2018]. Kille, L. furthermore, Maximino, M.,2014.The impact of CCTV on open wellbeing: Research roundup - Journalist's Resource. [online] Journalist's Resource. Accessible at: https://journalistsresource.org/contemplates/government/criminal-equity/observation cameras-and-wrongdoing [Accessed 8 Feb. 2018]. Sheridan, C., 2016. Foucault, Power and the Modern Panopticon. Smith, R.G. furthermore, Hutchings, A., 2014. Personality wrongdoing and abuse in Australia: Results of the 2013 online survey.AIC reports. Research and Public Policy arrangement., p.v. Stutzer, A. also, Zehnder, M., 2013. Is camera reconnaissance a viable proportion of counterterrorism?.Defence and Peace Economics,24(1), pp.1-14. Divider, D.S., 2013. Policing personality crimes.Policing and Society,23(4), pp.437-460. What-works-instructions impacts of-CCTV-2013., 2013. [ebook] College of Policing, pp.1-3. Accessible at: https://library.college.police.uk/docs/what-works/What-works-preparation impacts of-CCTV-2013.pdf [Accessed 8 Feb. 2018].

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Philosophy of Ethics Essay - 2233 Words

The word â€Å"ethics† comes from Greek ethikas meaning character. Today, we use ethics to describe the normative standard of behavior. The history of philosophical ethics has been broken up into five rational methods: Virtue, Traditional, Modern, and Post-Modern Ethics. Within these periods, the philosophy of ethics changed along with the changes being made within society. The first rational method is Virtue Ethics. The major philosophers during this period were materialists such as Plato, Aristotle, Epicurus, and Plutarch. Greek were concerned with finding eudaimonia meaning the good life, but what is the good life? Known as the greatest Western philosopher, Plato developed the Cardinal Virtues: Justice, Courage, Moderation, and†¦show more content†¦One of the last major philosophers of Virtue Ethics was Plutarch who advocated virtue but disagreed with Epicurus because he believed there was no true pleasure. At this same time, between 400 B.C.- 40 B.C. Stoic philosophers such Cicero, who combined the philosophies of Aristotle and Plato, developed his idea on ethics and how everyone has a duty and should imitate virtue for others. He said duty has two points which are to achieve the Supreme Good, and follow the rules for daily living. Cicero was a strong believer in rationality incorporated Plato’s Cardinal Virtues into his three rules of conduct: master desires through reason, know true value of goals and be moderate in actions and lifestyle. Following Virtue Ethics, a major shift occurred in thinking. The philosophers of Virtue Ethics were materialists and believed we only have what we have and after death, we have nothing. Traditional Ethics shifted the focus on religion once it began to spread. Also known as Biblical Ethics, philosophers started a systematic study of Biblical themes and principles surrounding ethics and morality. 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How Living as a Christian Disciple May Influence the Lives...

How Living as a Christian Disciple May Influence the Lives of Christians Today Christianity is an entire way of life. Its not only a part of your life it is your whole life. It is a sense of being with God. It is not a one way system, but in fact a two way bond. Being a disciple of God gives you a sense of who you are. You have the position of being part of Gods children as well as being a child of your parents. This is an incomparable feeling. A Christian is a person who lives their life daily for God. By praying on a regular basis, reacting positively not negatively with people and being an optimistic person rather than a pessimistic one. Christianity focuses a lot on how people treat others.†¦show more content†¦Your attitude towards people is very important. Being a Christian affects what career you wish to pursue. Certain professions are considered unethical and therefore are not allowed. A job such as working in an abortion clinic, you are taking away a life which has a right to live, which is unjust. Another job which gives people grief is a traffic warden. A Christian has an important role to play in the family and in the home. There must be peaceful negotiation and they must always remember that children usually learn from the examples of their parents. So as a parent you must do good things and not bad. You must know how to function in a family. To be a dedicated Christian you are required to visit the church on a regular basis and to pray daily. At church Christians have communion, usually once a week. This is red wine and bread which s also called the Eucharist. The Eucharist is the ceremony in which Christs last meal with his disciples is celebrated with bread and wine, the bread symbolizes Jesus body and the wine Jesus blood. Although some Christians do not believe in going to church for example, Quakers and the Salvation Army. 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Like ApostleRead MoreThe Importance Of Biblical Faith And General Human Wisdom1430 Words   |  6 Pagesjourney to those days; however, a key question in the discussions of Yoder and Niebuhr is whether the differences in the ways in which Christians conceive their duty and understand good and evil are simply correlated with the variety of cultural, psychological, and sociological patterns evident in their lives, or whether they may be related to variations in the Christian situation before God (Stassen et al. 1996, 19). This is by no means a small issue, especially as one seeks to communicate with the

Scallop Fishing and Marketing Act Free Assignment on Business Law

Question: Discuss about the Scallop Fishing and Marketing Act for Business Law. Answer: 1. In this case, Bob Beech is involved in commercial fishing and he is a scallop fisherman. However, a quota system has been introduced by the Scallop Fishing and Marketing Act. According to the new system, each fisherman will be able to catch only 50 tons of scallop in a single year. The new Act also provides that it will be an offense if a fisherman catches more than 50 tons of scallops and in this regard, a fine of $100,000 has also been described by the Act for each offense. Under these circumstances, Bob's daughter Alice advises him that he will be able to double his catch if he incorporates a company. The reason behind this advises that under the eyes of law, a company is considered as having its own distinct identity and as a result, the company will also be allowed its own quota of scallops. Therefore in this question, it has to be decided if the advice given by Bob's daughter Alice is correct. As mentioned above, the issue in this version is based on the doctrine of separate legal identity of the companies. The basis for this doctrine was provided by the court after its decision given in Salomon v Salomon (1897). While delivering the decision in this case, the court has stated that a duly registered company will be treated by the law as a separate entity and therefore, the identity of the company will be different from members. The result was that the property owned by the company needs to be considered as the property belonging to the company itself and not as the property of the members of the company. It can also be said that in such a case, the liabilities of the company can be enforced only against the corporation and not against its members. Therefore, the effect of this doctrine is that the shareholders of a company will not be liable personally even if the company becomes insolvent (Pentony et al., 2014). As a result, in case the company becomes insolvent, the loss suffered by the shareholders will be limited to the amount invested by the shareholders in the company. As mentioned above, it has been created provided by the corporations law that a company has its own separate identity. But they can be set in cases where the court may be of the opinion that this corporate veil should be lifted and the court should look beyond this legal identity. Hence in such a case, it may be decided by the court that it will look beyond the legal fiction it provides that a company has its own separate identity. The term that is used for this purpose is known as piercing the corporate veil. This term describes the circumstances under which it is decided by the court that in a particular case, the doctrine of the separate legal entity should be ignored by the courts (Baxt, 1991). Therefore, that the court decides to lift the corporate veil, the court looks behind the corporate structure for the purpose of applying any right or duty to the members, even if in such a case, if the legal fiction of separate legal entity is applied strictly, such right or duty can be en forced against the company only and not against the members (Campbell, 1960). Therefore, when the court has decided to pierce the corporate veil, it is available to the court to look beyond the veil and impose any liability of the company on its members. But it should be mentioned at this point that only in exceptional circumstances, the court should decide to piercing corporate veil as a general rule provides that mostly it is not available to the court toward the members of the company personally liable for the debts and obligations of corporation (Crosling and Murphy, 2009). On the basis of the legal decision that has been mentioned above, it can be said that in this case also, it has been provided by the Scallop Fishing and Marketing Act that each fisherman will be able to catch and sell only 50 tons of scallops in a single year. However, Bob Beech wants to know if he can make more money as he has the capacity to catch more scallops. For this purpose, advice was given by his daughter Alice that Bob may be able to double his catch if the decides to incorporate a company. Alice believes that in such a case, the company formed by Bob will be considered as distinct legal entity and therefore it will have its own quota of scallops to catch in a single year. However, the effect of the doctrine of piercing the corporate veil is that if a company has been formed with a view to evade the liability of its members, it may be decided by the court that the corporate bail should be pierced and liability should be imposed on the members of the company. Therefore, if t he company formed by Bob is merely a facade, the court may decide that the corporate veil needs to be lifted and liability should be imposed on Bob. Hence, Bob cannot double his catch even if he incorporates a company. 2. The issue in this question has arisen on the basis of the fact that Nuclear Blast Sounds Pty Ltd was one of the subsidiary companies of New Nirvana Ltd. Nuclear Blast Sounds at the responsibility to set up sound at the rock concerts but at a recent concert, due to the negligence of Nuclear Blast Sounds, the sound level was set too high. As a result of this negligence, five audience members suffered permanent hearing loss. But when these persons decided to bring a claim against the subsidiary company, they came to know that this company does not have any funds to pay the likely damages and moreover, it does not have any negligence insurance. The result was that these persons want to know if they can bring a claim against the parent company, New Nirvana Ltd as it was in a better position to pay the likely damages that may be awarded by the court. In this regard, it also needs to be noted that according to the law, each company is considered to be having its own distinct legal identi ty. The corporations law provides that each company has legal identity under the law. Therefore, a corporate veil is present separating the company from its members. Therefore the principal that was provided in Salmon's case is applicable but there can be certain circumstances where the court may decide that the distinct legal entity needs to be ignored and the corporate veil should be pierced. Therefore in case of a group of companies, sometimes the court may decide that the doctrine of the distinct identity of a corporation may not be followed and consequently, the court may pierce the corporate veil for the purpose of considering the economic realities that were related with such a group of companies. For example, such a case happened in D.H.N. food products Ltd. V. Tower Hamlets (1976). It was decided by the court that in a particular case, it is available to the court to ignore the doctrine of separate entity if it will be considered as just and equitable. Therefore the court of app eal was of the opinion that in this case, the corporate veil should be pierced in case of a group of companies. There were three subsidiary companies that the court considered as being a part of the same economic entity and therefore, these companies were held by the court as being entitled to compensation (Baxt, 1997). But it needs to be noted that the general rule is that each company, that is a part of the group, is to be considered as a distinct entity. Therefore, there can be circumstances where it may be the opinion of the court that will not be appropriate that the corporate veil should be lifted in a particular case. An example of such a case can be given in the form of Adams v Cape Industries (1990). The matter in this case was related with a foreign judgment delivered against the company. While deciding the case, the court stated that each company that is a part of the group needs to be considered as a separate entity. It has also been stated that in case of a group of companies, the basic principle that is applicable in this case is that each company of the group needs to be treated as a separate entity. But as mentioned above, sometimes the court may decide that this principle should be ignored and the corporate veil can be lifted for imposing the liability of the subsidiary company on t he parent company. In the present case, Nuclear Blast Sounds Pty is a subsidiary company of New Nirvana Ltd. But only on this ground, the liabilities of Nuclear Blast Sounds cannot be enforced against New Nirvana Ltd. it has to be established that the subsidiary company was completely under the control of its parent company, New Nirvana Ltd. 3. In this part of the assignment, the issue is related with the clause of the constitution of Millenium Pty Ltd. It has been mentioned in the constitution that Don well act as the company solicitor for any land deals entered into by the company. Similarly, there is another clause which provides that if a dispute arises between the company and any of its members, such dispute should refer to an arbitrator before any of the parties decides to initiate proceedings in a court of law. Therefore that the circumstances, the other two members of the company, Simon and Michael decide that Don should be removed from his position as company solicitor and another person should be appointed in his place. Aggrieved by this decision, Simon decides to initiate proceedings in the court. Hence the issue is if the first clause can be enforced by Don and he will remain the company's solicitor. Similarly, it also needs to be seen if the cause which provides that for starting taking the matter to the cou rt, the issue should be brought before an arbitrator can be applied in this case and the proceedings started by Don can be stayed. The provision of the Corporations Act that deals with this issue is section 140. The section mentions that the company's constitution should be treated as a contract between the members of the company and the company itself; the directors and the company and as a contract created between the members of the company. Therefore the contractual effect of the company's constitution is only limited to these situations. No rights can be claimed by any person in any other capacity. Therefore in Eley v Positive Life Assurance Co Ltd. (1876) , the court stated that even if the Company's constitution provided that Eley will remain the solicitor of the company for a lifetime but this clause cannot be imposed by Eley as the company's solicitor. Another relevant decision is that of Hickman v Kent or Romney Marsh Sheep-breeders Association (1915) where the constitution provided that if a dispute arises between the company or its members, such disputes should be there for them an arbitrator before t he party started proceedings in the court of law. Therefore when Hickman started proceedings directly in the court, these proceedings were stayed on the ground that they amounted to a breach of contract. In the present case also, Don cannot claim to remain the solicitor of Millennium Pty Ltd because it has been mentioned in the constitution of Millennium. On the other hand, the proceedings started by Don can be stayed due to the reason that Don has not referred the dispute to an arbitrator before taking recourse to legal action. References Baxt R, (1991) Ultra Vires Has it Been Revived? 1 Company and Securities Law Journal 101 Baxt R, (1997) Should Third Parties Have to Inquire About the Ability of Directors to bind Their Company? 15 Company and Securities Law Journal 434 Campbell I, (1960) Contracts with Companies, 76 Law Quarterly Review 115 Crosling. G. M., and Murphy, H. M., (2009) How to Study Business Law, 4th ed. Australia: Butterworths Pentony. B., Graw, S., Lennard, J., and Parker, D., (2014) Understanding Business Law, 7th ed. Australia: Lexis Nexis Case Law Adams v Cape Industries plc [1990] Ch 433 DHN Food Distributors Ltd v Tower Hamlets London Borough Council [1976] 1 WLR 852 Eley v Positive Life Assurance Co Ltd [1876] 1 Ex D 88 Hickman v Kent or Romney Marsh Sheep-breeders Association [1915] 1 Ch D 881 Salomon v Salomon Co [1897] AC 22

Problems in ethics codes of TV, Radio and Newspapers Essay Example

Problems in ethics codes of TV, Radio and Newspapers Essay The common framework of journalistic ethics that is being adopted by radio, television and newspaper associations is a fair and balanced one. Having said so, adhering to such guidelines are not without challenges. The rest of this essay will try to demonstrate why these ethical guidelines are difficult to implement in a media atmosphere dominated by private and political power. One of the basic premises under which all journalists compile their reports is the fact-checking aspect of their information. In other words, testing the accuracy of the information being reported and taking efforts to make sure that no mistake is incurred due to oversight. In reality however, there are systemic challenges to adhere to this principle. Given that most of the media coverage revolves around information released by government spokespersons, the veracity of the information given cannot be easily verified. For one thing, it is implicitly accepted that any message from government sources is an authentic and accurate one. To question or suspect elected representatives and authorities is not natural to many journalists. Hence, there are practical difficulties in implementing this particular code of journalistic ethic. We will write a custom essay sample on Problems in ethics codes of TV, Radio and Newspapers specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Problems in ethics codes of TV, Radio and Newspapers specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Problems in ethics codes of TV, Radio and Newspapers specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Further in the code of ethics one finds mention of separating the two distinct functions of news media, namely editorial opinions and factual news reports. The former is an area of subjective judgment and opinion while the latter is supposed to be objective and factual. While this dichotomy is more relevant to the print media, it is also applicable to the radio and television news media as well. Maintaining this dichotomous separation is easier said than done. What one finds in reality though is the imprint of the editorial policies on the process of selecting stories to report. A factual report is not in and of itself a neutral and objective one. Editorial pressures usually decide which stories are picked and which are left. Hence, under the apparent disguise of objectivity and factuality there can be an ideological thrust, which can serve against the interests of the common consumer of the particular news media, be it radio, television or newsprint. Another area of consensus that journalists from various mediums have agreed upon is in the judicious choice of facts and photographs that is published or shown in their reports. This code was accepted on the grounds that blatant truth can sometimes offend or hurt the sentiments of certain communities. But the flip side of this argument is the subtle â€Å"censorship† that this subjects journalists to. A recent case in point is the directive from the government of the United States to all broadcasting houses to not publish or show pictures of coffins of dead soldiers being transported back home. The rationale was that such a display would affect the morale and confidence of the family members and other fellow soldiers presently in Iraq. But the sad fact is that most of the American public does not have a clear grasp of the number of American casualties in war as a result of this policy. While this editorial obedience did succeed in keeping the minds of family members of t he marines less gloomy, it inadvertently distorted the reality of the ongoing war. In the end, the truth should be put forth to the public for effective functioning of democracy. Hence the code of ethic in this case is subversive to democratic principles. The association of journalists has pledged to act independently, without taking orders from the powers that be. While theoretically this is a sound ethical standpoint, it seldom translates into quality journalism. The fact of the matter is most of the mainstream media organizations are dependent on advertisers, be it radio, television or newspapers for their revenue. In this context, reports and analysis that are adversarial to promoting consumerism will never be acceptable for the business community. Hence, the journalism will inevitably suffer. The only way of mitigating these constraints on quality journalism, one would suppose, is to promote subscriber supported news media as opposed to an advertiser supported one. Things are already looking up in this regard. Alternative radio channels are already on the rise; and it is only a matter of time before television and newspapers catch up with it. This would revolutionize the way news is perceived and consumed. But, till then , the shortcomings inherent in the present media setup will thwart all efforts toward ethical journalism. Accountability is another key tenet that is part of the code of ethics. Being accountable to the viewers, listeners, etc has been emphasized as a core virtue for genuine journalism. But unfortunately, even in a country as politically advanced as the United States, the legislative framework of media operations is not sophisticated enough. In a true democratic setup one would expect that the laws more in favor of the general population as opposed to the business interests. But the laws in place are essentially the ones that give protection to the media conglomerates and to an extent make them not liable for their journalistic digressions. Hence, such an atmosphere does not force media houses to promote ethical journalism. Finally, keeping in mind the growing phenomenon of undercover journalistic operations, the body of journalists has tried to stem this tide through the adoption of principles against this form of news gathering. But, this pledge to curb undercover journalism comes at a time when tabloid and paparazzi supported news gathering has become rampant in the mainstream media scene. While the ethical stance of the journalists in this regard might be an earnest one, it is a very challenging proposition to put an end to gossip mongering and paparazzi photographing of celebrities and other headline makers. It is also an acknowledged fact that the general quality of mainstream media, be it electronic or print, has seen deterioration in the post Second World War period. Hence, implementing the code of ethics is going to be a very tough if not an impossible task for the well meaning journalists. The only way in which some palpable change for the better can happen is if the code of ethics is taken seriously the owners of media organizations. In other words, the initiative for ethical news broadcast has to be a top-down one as opposed to a bottom-up effort. Herein lays the only hope for the revival of the noble tradition that is associated with journalism. Bibliography: Simon Dumencio, The Media Guy; Revealed: My ethics policy (and Brangelina quota).(MediaWorks).. Advertising Age 76.26 (June 27, 2005): p46. THE PERP WALK; Watching executives climb the courthouse steps became a spectator sport in 2002.Business Week 3815 (Jan 13, 2003): p86. UNDER FIRE; These execs, too, are embroiled in a range of investigations.Business Week 3815 (Jan 13, 2003): p87. MATTHEW GRIMM, False consciousness.(ethics of marketing, media businesses). Brandweek 42.25 (June 18, 2001): p30. Here is the news.(mass media ethics).Michael Bugeja. The Ecologist 37.7 (Sept 2007): p18-19. Media Ethics and Accountability Systems, (Book Reviews)., Marion Pinsdorf. Public Relations Review 28.1 (Feb 2002): p132(2). EDITORIAL: Enforcement key to ethics protocol.(World PR Festival and ethics U.K.).PR Week (UK) (June 27, 2003): p08.

Personal Observation of My Nephew essays

Personal Observation of My Nephew essays When we were kids we had it so rough. Everyday, we had to wake up early, go to school and learn new information that would help us through life. Sometimes after school we would come home and start our homework or watch television or even play with friends until our parents or guardians fixed us dinner. Yes our lives were so tough. Although I could not observe my nephew during school and daycare hours I observed him when he got home from day care. My nephew is seven years old and in the first grade. He his very tall and skinny - it runs in the family. He is laid back and even though he has a little brother, he stills enjoys playing by himself. He is a loner. He has his moments when he loves being outside, then he has moments when he likes to be inside. Honestly, he is spoiled and that is because he is the first grandson. His personality consisted of all of us wrapped in his body. Usually, my nephew gets home around 4:00-4:30 pm when the day care van drops him off home. He typically does his homework when he goes to daycare so when he does get home he can relax. When he gets home we ask him about his day at school and what he learned. He responds with "good"; he does not say much about what he learned. So then he takes off his school uniform. Where we are from the children have to wear uniform - usually black, blue, or khaki pants or shorts with a polo shirt which is the school colors. On this day my nephew wore his khaki shorts and a black polo shirt and black Nike's. He changed in to a white tee shirt and blue balling shorts. After he changed clothes he went into the living room and got he remote control. He changes the channel to Disney which had Phineas and Ferb playing. I think he loves this show because these boys is always doing something and never get caught by their parents. While that show was on commercial he went to his toy bend and got out o of his toy cars. He played with the car during the commer...

Preparation of Unit Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Preparation of Unit Work - Essay Example During a school inspection, it was found that the teachers tend to rely more on course books and other commercial materials, and take little or no initiative at all to make the course more interesting and appropriate with creativity and zeal. This "coursebook-led" approach makes teaching as well as learning a lack-luster, cumbersome exercise. It has been said that we learn 20% of what we hear, 50% of what we see and 80% of what we do. Therefore, mixing course book with practical work by using creative audio visual methods including discussion in pairs and groups is easily a better option as compared to just course book teaching. Besides language, speaking skills involve voice control, overcoming nervousness, and the art of listening, all of which must be properly taught and ingrained in the students' minds. It is not possible to effectively cover all of these in a rigid follow through of a course book. (How To Write and Speak Better)2. Now this situation leads to a ticklish issue. What is a course book Rather, what is the function of a course book A course book is a resource, a medium. The function of teaching materials including course books is to provide information. It is a resource or a medium to be used for guidance and instruction. When a class is being led by the medium, it is obvious that the medium is assuming the role of a leader. Obviously, a medium cannot, by any stretch of imagination, assume the human role of leadership. Furthermore, it is equally preposterous to think it all right for the teacher to simply go through the daily chore of covering a lesson each day and by the time the entire book is covered, to take it for granted that the students have mastered ESL. This method is not adequate in learning a language where participation and expression are as mandatory as grammar and vocabulary. The Coursebook-based approach The ideal approach to teaching a language is the use of a strong students-teacher bond where the teacher is the best embodiment of a textbook. The teacher must be thoroughly familiar with the study material in order to teach, explain and lead the class with lan. ESL students are greatly starved of English teachers who serve as their role models and living textbooks. These students have the remarkable knack of looking into the textbooks on their own and ratify their teacher's explanations and instructions. What they need is the generous use of question answer sessions, group discussions, and the confidence that they are headed in the right direction. In such an environment, the textbooks and supplements do wonders. The urge to study and learn becomes a passion. To begin with, the student is first given a proper overview of the whole course during the first few sessions. This enables the student to be vigilant, well-prepared and he has a good idea of what to expect. The good leadership provided by the teacher makes learning an edifying and pleasant experience. Communication between the teacher and the student is clear, purposeful and objective. The course book is given its due

The America Story Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The America Story - Term Paper Example There are also other stories like the slave trade and it abolishment, the confrontation that existed between the Southern and the Northern States as well as the civil war of 1861-62. Moving into the nineteenth century, there are a plethora of stories about America, Their involvement in the First and Second World War and later Cold War with Russia, the civil movement in the US over discrimination led by Martin Luther and on the other front by Malcolm X (Foner and John 46). The spread of capitalism ideology to counteract the Communism spread by the Russian, there rise to World super power and the ensuing rivalry with USSR. These are just some of the stories that make part of the American story, throughout the movie reviews in our learning modules; I have considered some of the reviews to be American history by virtue of their contents. One of the movies that were reviewed had its central theme being the slavery in America, in deed, slavery is one of the stories America is widely known for, it explains the presence of the Blacks in most of the southern States of the US. During the Agrarian and industrial revolution, there were high demands for raw materials and labor to meet the escalated demands at the time. The US then engaged in slavery to obtain extra human resource that would be working in the farms and the industries, this activity continued in the US until mid of the nineteenth century when others considered it unproductive. The different views that were held in regard slavery necessitated the civil war in the US that was fought in 1862 between the Southern and the Northern States. Historically, Northerners were industrialist while the Southerners were agriculturalist; this classification made the Southerners to engage in slavery that the northerners, slaves were used in the farms as well as to run other errands that were related to agriculture, land was owned by few people while the rest were landless and had no right to own land. This meant that there was a few demand for the industrial goods that were made then, this did not augur well with the Northerners who wanted the feudal land policy to be done away with and slavery stopped in the hope that market for their products will be enhanced (Foner and John 56). From the movie review, it can be seen that Thaddeus Stevens were against the new rule that stopped slavery since it was going to hinder his progress economically, they wanted to prolong slavery, but Johnson’s plan to stop slavery could not be avoided. This move was vehemently resisted by pro slavery and sparked a fight between the Northern states and the Southern States popularly known as the civil war. Even Lincoln himself before being elected vowed not to stop slavery in the US but later while serving as the president, he saw the need to facilitate its abolishment. Like in the movie Kate Stone and her mother were almost rendered bankrupt after the war that fought slavery, they had about one fifty slave but were eventu ally left with none. It was a protracted struggle to abolish slavery and even after the abolishment, blacks were still being discriminated against and this led to the rise of civil movement in the US. Slavery and its consequences are part of the rich American story that cannot be avoided; in fact, the history of the US is not complete without talking about the slavery and the later civil movement that was witnessed in the nineteenth century. Following slavery in the US, it is interesting to note that other states did not approve it and was thus outlawed. In some cases when one moved from one state that approves slavery to the other that do not, they were forced to free the slaves. In the constitution of the US, slavery was not

Environmental Science Essay Example for Free

Environmental Science Essay Towards the end of the second millennium, particularly the 18th and 19th centuries, rapid changes occurred across the economic fabric of the world. Various industries underwent mechanization, transportation infrastructure improved to facilitate the expansion of trade, and steam power dramatically enhanced production and mobility. Manual labor was supplanted or enhanced by machines in the manufacturing industries, whilst increased production lead to increased consumption of natural resources and greater material abundance across the classes. Brown (2003) observes that at the foundation of this period, historically referred to as the Inustrial Revolution, was a shift in sources of energy from wood to fossil fuel. The exponential energy gain to be had from such a shift translated to the expansion of economic activity. The Industrial Revolution did not stop there though. Rather, the Industrial Revolution was a continuous process of economic expansion that resulted in a transformation of how natural resources were viewed. While concerns had already been raised since the 17th century about the use of natural resources for economic activity, industrialization spread the casual acceptance of natural resources as capital. (Peterson del Mar, 2006) In effect, the Industrial Revolution impacted the environment by disseminating economical assumptions about the value of natural resources, and magnified the rate at which resources were being consumed. Under the lens of industrial capitalism, trees have no value unless logged, rivers and streams have no value unfished and wildlife have no value unharvested. As such, there was little in the way of popular resistance against the use of natural resources for commerce and industry. It was deemed that the improvement of human civilization necessitated the harvesting of wildlife, the logging of forests, the expansion of fisheries and the industrialization of agriculture. As mentioned above, concern for environmental welfare dates back to the 17th century. Some of this concern for environmental welfare came from upper-class urban dwellers, who felt that the conditions of city living disconnected them from the spiritual nourishment of nature’s aesthetic. The other source of concern came from scientists and economists who felt that resource conservation and protection was necessary to ensure continued economic health. However, Environmentalism as a movement or revolution did not fully come into being until the 20th century. (Peterson del Mar, 2006) While technology and industrialization grew to become a defining feature of not just commerce and industry but modern living, there was also an increase in the anxiety over their potential effects on the cultural and natural landscape. For many, the tipping points that took environmental sentiment towards movement and/or revolution were the publication of books such as Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring and Paul Ehrlich’s The Population Bomb. Both writers took a good look at the environmental impacts of modern life – Carson examined the health impacts and environmental consequences of the indiscriminate use of DDT as a pesticide, while Ehrlich questioned the ability of economic expansion and use of natural resources could outpace the demands of a growing population – and ultimately, both of them provoked examination into the relationship between man and environment in the industrial age.   The result was increased interest in environmental problems and the formation of various environmental groups designed to pressure industry and commerce to take environmental matters seriously. In the 21st century, it will be necessary for environmentalism to persist, not just as a fashionable lifestyle or an alternative form of consumption, but as a means to examine whether modern life is not just sustainable or desirable. Environmentalism is not a spiritual or moral issue, but a practical one that encourages us to redesign industry, commerce and personal living to be more than just desirable but sustainable and eternal.   REFERENCES Peterson del Mar, D. (2006) A short history of a big idea: Environmentalism. Pearson Education Limited: Essex, England. Brown, L.R. (2003) Eco-Economy: Building an Econom

Climate of Egypt Essay -- Cairo Egypt Africa Environment Essays Papers

Climate of Egypt Cairo, Egypt, located in Northern Africa between Libya and the Gaza Strip, is on the eastern bank of the Nile River. Egypt, which is comprised of 97% desert, experiences mild winters and hot summers, with an average temperature of 71.1 degrees Fahrenheit (21.7 degrees Celsius), and receives only 1inch of rainfall a year. With only 5% of the land occupied, Egypt has a population of approximately 69,536,644 inhabitants. Cairo, the largest city in Africa, as well as the capital of Egypt, is home to over 15 million people. Its overpopulation has led to many changes within the country which have had a great effect on the society and environment of Egypt. The desert climate region has experienced many changes throughout history, and there is a drying trend in the climate. Because the Egyptians were among the first to record data, Cairo has a well documented history of its society, and in particular, of the Nile River. Historically, Nile River played a large role in Egypt. The Nile has served, both historically and still at the present time, as a method of transportation and has dictated the agriculture and water supply. However, with global warming, the drying trend of the climate, and a boom of industrialization, the nature of the Nile and the Nile Valley has changed dramatically. Using Chad as an example, Lamb notes the drying changes in the Sahara Desert, and the evidence of there once being a population of animals: This assemblage of artistic evidence clearly implies that there were enough moist places in the Sahara in those times to sustain life, so that animals and men could roam about, and cross, what is now the world’s largest desert. This conclusion is supported by evidence of the dated forme... ...a history of environmental legislation, the past few years has brought a wave of new policies. In 1994, Law 4, for the preservation of the environment, was passed. Most importantly, from Law 4 two new programs dedicated to improving Egyptian environment were created: the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) works to institute plans for environmental management and regulate environmental standards; and the Environmental Protection Fund, which grants funs to solve solid waste management issues. The greatest environmental concerns facing Egypt today are air pollution, carbon emissions, energy consumption, and the preservation of the coastal regions. In order to combat these problems, Egypt is working, in conjunction with legislation, to educate its inhabitants on the environmental concerns, and the individuals’ responsibility to preserving natural resources.

East Coast Yachts key Essay

1. Calculate all of the ratios listed in the industry table for East Coast Yachts Current ratio=CA/CL= 14,651,000/19,539,000=0.75 Quick Ratio=(CA-Inventory)/CL=(14651000-6136000)/19539000=0.44 Total assert turnover=Sales / Total Assets=167310000/108615000=1.54 Inventory turnover=Cost of Goods Sold / Inventory=117910000/6136000=19.22 Receivable turnover=Sales / Accounts Receivable=167310000/5473000=30.57 Debt ratio(TA-TE)/TA=(108615000-55341000)/108615000=0.49 Debt-equity ratio=TD/TE=33735000/55341000=0.61 Equity multiplier=TA/TE=108615000/55341000=1.96 Interest coverage=23496000/300900=7.96 Profit margin=Net Income / Sales=12562200/167310000=0.07 Return on asserts=Net Income / Total Assets=12562200/108615000=0.12 Return on equity=Net Income / Total Equity=12562200/55341000=0.23 2. Compare the performance of East Coast Yachts to the industry as a whole. For each ratio, comment on why it might be viewed as positive or negative relative to the industry. Suppose you create an inventory ratio calculated as inventory divided by current liabilities. How do you interpret this ratio? How does East Coast Yachts compare to the industry average? Current ratio is negative because CA smaller than CL Quick Ratio is positive because the ratio is bigger than the industry upper quartile ratio. Total assert turnover is positive the ratio because the ratio is bigger than the industry upper quartile ratio. Inventory turnover is positive because it is higher than the industry average. It represents that the company has a high sales based on its inventory. Receivable turnover is positive because it shows that the company can collect the sales faster. Debt ratio is positive because it shows that the company has a lower debt risk than the industry average. Debt-equity ratio is positive because it shows that the company is less aggressive using debt which means the company has relatively lower debt risk. Equity multiplier is negative because it shows that the company has a lower accounting return. Interest coverage= Profit margin is about the same with the industry average. Return on assets is positive because the profit per dollar of assets is higher than the industry average. Return on equity is positive because it shows that the company has better shareholder’s fare. Inventory Ratio= CL /Inventory =19539000/6136000=3.18 Inventory is negative It is still smaller than industry lower quartile It represents that the company has a low sales based on its inventory. 3. Calculate the sustainable growth rate of East Coast Yachts. Calculate external funds needed (EFN) and prepare pro forma income statements and balance sheets assuming growth at precisely this rate. Recalculate the ratios in the previous question. What do you observe? ROE=ni/te=125622000/55341000=0.23 B=re/ni=5024800/12562200=0.4 Sustainable Growth rate=ROE*b/1-roe*b=0.23*0.4/1-0.23*0.40=0.099 EFN= TA-(TL+E)=108615000*1.099-ï ¼Ë†19539000*1.099+3373500+55341000*1.1099ï ¼â€°=3166002 All Current ratio=CA/CL= 14,651,000*1.09/19,539,000*1.09=0.75 QuickRatio=(CA-Inventory)/CL=(14651000*1.09-6136000*1.09)/19539000*1.09=0.44 Total assert turnover=Sales / Total Assets=167310000*1.09/108615000*1.09=1.54 Inventory turnover=Cost of Goods Sold / Inventory=117910000*1.09/6136000*1.09=19.22 Receivable turnover=Sales / Accounts Receivable=167310000*1.09/5473000*1.09=30.57 Debt ratio(TA-TE)/TA=(108615000-55341000*1.09)/108615000*1.09=0.49 Debt-equity ratio=TD/TE=33735000*1.09/55341000*1.09=0.61 Equity multiplier=TA/TE=108615000*1.09/55341000*1.09=1.96 Interest coverage=23496000*1.09/300900*1.09=8.93 Profit margin=Net Income / Sales=12562200*1.09/167310000*1.09=0.07 Return on asserts=Net Income / Total Assets=12562200*1.09/108615000*1.09=0.12 Return on equity=Net Income / Total Equity=12562200*1.09/55341000*1.09=0.23 Only interest coverage changed. 4As a practical matter, East Coast Yachts is unlikely to be willing to raise external equity capital, in part because the owners don’t want to dilute their existing ownership and control positions. However, East Coast Yachts is planning for a growth rate of 20 percent next year. What are your conclusions and recommendations about the feasibility of East Coast’s expansion plans? EFN= TA-(TL+E)=108615000*1.2-ï ¼Ë†19539000*1.2+3373500+55341000*1.2ï ¼â€°=8753040 5. Most assets can be increased as a percentage of sales. For instance, cash can be increased by any amount. However, fixed assets often must be increased in specific amounts because it is impossible, as a practical matter, to buy part of a new plant or machine. In this case a company has a â€Å"staircase† or â€Å"lumpy† fixed cost structure. Assume that East Coast Yachts is currently producing at 100 percent Of capacity. As a result, to expand production, the company must set up an entirely new line at a cost of $30 million. Calculate the new EFN with this assumption. What does this imply about capacity utilization for East Coast Yachts next year? Depreciation percentage= $5,460,000 / $93,964,000= .0581 Pro forma depreciation=0.581*123964000=7203221 EFN= TA-(TL+E)=108615000*1.2+3000000 -ï ¼Ë†19539000*1.2+3373500+55341000*1.2=23004405 The fixed assets have increased faster than sales, so the capacity utilization for next year will decrease.

A Dissertation About Issues In logistics management - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 19 Words: 5795 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? 1. Introduction: This dissertation is about logistics management. It is a part of the supply chain management which involves with the inflow, outflow, procurement, maintenance and storage of goods and services. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Dissertation About Issues In logistics management" essay for you Create order The supply chain exists between starting point to delivery point. As mentioned by Ackerman (2000), Logistic management basically means having a right thing, in the right place at the right time. This project is focus on the activities of manager of famous company to perform in order to make the organisation a success. In todays environment there is a need to stay updated in order to know the flaws in business, to think at the right time and act accordingly. There is always a complexity in dealing with the ever-changing customer requirements, their expectations relating to price, competitions in the economy and so on. All these have to be met efficiently in order to cope up with the situation. The success of a goods or service depends on how well strengthens of the distribution strategy is studied and how the suppliers, markets, storage and transportation are dealt with right strategy. The upcoming areas deal with the entire process involved in the transformation of a raw material into the ultimate finished product. Logistics management presents a variety of tools to understand the logistics in effective decision making and how it goes in relating the broader issues in the entire supply chain thereby finding out ways and means in achieving the strategic goals (Ackerman, 2000). The company that is selected here is Tolam Logistics which is located in Hong Kong. It was established in 1996 by Mr. Eric Lam who had about 20 years experience in freight and transportation. The TLs provide One Stop shop logistics services by all type of facility of logistics like storage, delivery, custom clearance etc. The TLs main customers included Toshiba, Sanyo, Kleon, Fujis air conditioner and Plasma Televisions. It had a warehouse of 100,000 sq. ft. and owns around 32 trucks. The staff strength resulted to around 100 including permanent staffs (Magee, 1985). Tolam Logistics is a logistics company engaged in the distribution of goods that are received at its warehouse. The main points that we focussed here is warehousing and distribution. The objective of this case study is to discuss its objectives, strategies and methods employed in: Transportation planning: TL uses its own trucks to transport the goods without depending on outsourcing of transport. Only when the demand exceeds its transport facilities it does not hesitate to make use of outsourcing and in situations where the demand is low it has no problem to put its trucks idle. They use their trucks in such situations to generate income by outsourcing their trucks to other uses. E.g. In monsoon season due to low business activity at that time not using outsourcing trucks and deploy only own trucks which runs on fixed route and fixed contract which surety of fixed expense and income. Inventory management: TL provides a sound inventory system. They receive orders in the night and make despatches in the daytime. They forecast the warehouse space and transportation on a quarterly basis in ord er to know its requirements. Companies usually reserve their space in the warehouse depending upon the volume to be held in the warehouse. They have latest technology for loading and unloading 14 vehicles at a time. Information technology: TL has an extended use of computer systems to record various transactions happening inside. It maintains a separate database for each customer. TL is now in the process of developing a new IT integrated system that will open up new exits to the company. TL does have difficulties in providing different legacy systems, so they are planning to install a common platform on the web so that all its customers can be satisfied at a time. They are implementing barcode system to tracking goods(Frederick Ross, 1996) 2. Aims and Objective: We are learning about the issues of logistics management and for this purpose I am planning to take up the company Tolam Logistics as the main subject. Tentative research questions can be considered for this purpose is What are the main factors that affect the logistics management at TL, Do theories of logistics apply at the ground level?, How important is logistics in managing customer satisfaction?, What are the performance measures, costing methods and metrics used for logistics management?, Can modern communication technologies impact logistics management. 3. Theoretical Background: 3.1 Logistic Strategy and Planning: The supply chain strategy is main link to growth of business strategy and it should taking care of balance maintained between the cost and service offered by firm. As mentioned by Tompkins (1998), following factors have to be considered here, The customers and suppliers should be aligned in regard to the internal company operations. Companys inflow (Raw Material) and outflow (sales) should be maintained as per market demands and trends with the help of internal company operations likes collect, pickup, packaging, deliver etc. The marketing and sales plan should be aligned to meet the supply chain strategy means like E.g. For launching a new product in the market sales plan like marketing should be start after enough production flow carry on to fulfill the demand of market, If market trends change the immediately we have other strategy for product modification. The capital expenditure has to be aligned to the supply chain operations. E.g. Firm have enough capital for mon thly fixed expense like production cost, sales, salary, rent, marketing and promotion cost etc. The HR structure has to be aligned to the supply chain E.g. HR structure have enough manpower to operate the production, sales and marketing etc dept. The supply chain has to be aligned in order to meet the investment policies. The supply chain has to be aligned in order to meet the growth targets. The supply chain has to be aligned in order to make room for expansion of the business.  Logistic planning involves the use and management of all logistic resources in order to maintain the desired cost and service performance. The considerations include the inventory positioning, inventory levels, number of warehouses, types of warehouses, mode of carrier selection and so same will be forwarded. The company can decide on whether to deploy a high service method or a low cost service method. A high cost method deploys more warehouses, use fast delivery transportation and maintain high stock levels. This method of course is mostly trying to avoid the high cost. Whereas, a low cost service method gives value for cost by reducing the number of warehouses to one, use cheap transportation and maintain longer lead time in ordering stocks. Through improved warehouse design the cost of handling materials can be reduced to a great extent prior delivery goods arrange as to easily loading and unloading from trucks, by arranging direct vehicle loading of materials from the wareh ouse and implementing automated installations are two methods that can reduce handling material costs. By conducting an assessment of the transport costs and implementing the right choice by comparing current transport costs with that of the occurring standard rates can bring down transport costs to the minimize with routes selection, speed of vehicle, Regular maintained vehicle, road maps, uses the GPRS system to reach at delivery point. This type of logistic planning goes a long way in attaining the right logistic system. Company has to consider four main points while planning a logistic system; they are as stated above, customer service levels, facility location, inventory decisions and transportation decisions. These four levels are related to each other and therefore integrated planning has to be considered. Planning here means designing the logistics network as a configuration of warehouses, production plants, selling areas, stocking-areas, transportation and information syste ms that aim at balancing an equilibrium between the overall costs and the revenue. Briefly idea for the logistic planning means the total cost concept should be studied to consider the supply chain. 3.2 Customer Service Strategy: Supply chain is basically considered as a strategic concept that involves understanding and managing the sequence of activities -from supplier to customer-that add value to the product supply pipeline (Tompkins, 1998). The role of customers in the supply chain market is not incidental. Every company in this chain, irrespective of market size mainly they thankful to its customers as the fact is that in all profit of firm there are customers are in center whom to buy the goods and services produced by each one of them. This century marks the end of monopolies and therefore customers can make an array of choices. When customers decide not to buy products in a particular supply chain, then no doubt the company would collapse without earning any revenue for the expenses incurred in launching the product on the stage of saturation and decline stage. So, the supply chain should be structured in such a manner that there is a common link between the products as such and the end customer. It is because that the tastes of customers keep changing and their expectations goes on rising, when product cycle at saturation and decline stage at they began decreasing brand loyalty and put in for anything that attracts them. Thus the importation must be put on conducting effective market analysis to know the needs of different groups of customers to whom the offer is to be made. Its main aim is to polish its contact with the customers. The rationale behind this strategy is to improve services provided directly or indirectly to its customers and to use the information in the system for targeted marketing and sales purposes. A kind of metrics should be used to assess the customer service, like the companys ability to fill the orders in limited time or the delivery of the products on the due date. Other researches can be conducted to find out the reason for not delivering the products on the due date. There is no compromise for an act of negligence in meeting customer satisfactio n as it is the customers who ultimately judge the life span of the company.  In todays fast growing economy, it is not the matter of fact that the big beat the small but it is the fast beats the slow and the accurate beats the inaccurate. Below are mentioned seven steps to reduce the fulfilment costs by improving customer service at the same time (Tompkins, 1998). According to him, the following points are important with regard to supply chains, Integrate with order entry system: In todays hyper competitive economy it is very difficult to maintain order fulfilment through the internet. Most of them placed through internets are managed poorly and which end in resulting distorting customer satisfaction due to delay in product delivery. Integrating a systematic order fulfilment process tends to reduce manual labour that saves time, increases profitability and customer satisfaction E.g. Order received in night and make delivery in the day time. Build in adaptability: Provid ing exceptional customer service has proved to be challenging in todays competitive environment. Companies can meet this challenge by proving to be adaptable with the customer wants makes changes in their orders right from the purchase and even upto and after shipment. This can prove to be successful as the customers can get what they want even if their product changes from the market. E.g. Tailor made transportation system like packaging facility as per weather. Confirm with bar codes: By changing the bar coding into an automated one ,the company can save a large amount of its time and energy and even implement perfection in planning as it presents real time data instead of mere projections. E.g. In the ware house material arranged with barcode easy to locate particular product with the barcode system we can easily shift goods as per priority of delivery and delivery places. Conducting automated pickings: Automated technologies are easily fulfills the needs of customer thereb y increasing customer satisfaction and bringing in repeated business in a shorter time span. E.g. Goods collection from customer destination is one of good example of automated pickings its save time and money of customers which bringing repeated business. Automated shipping plans: Using automated shipping plan the workers can pick to a predesigned way of stacking the containers without going for trial and error methods. This saves a lot of time and energy of the workers engaged in stacking the containers and speeding the delivery with less expense than without ASP. E.g. Barcode system on containers and on the area of ware house which easily track the goods and easily stacking and speeding the delivery. Automate shipment verification: By applying automated verification together with automated picking and using bar codes, more time can be saved on packing, verifying and shipping process. Sourcing orders based on facility workload: Logistic managers should use the method of b est utilize of space when multiple warehousing and distribution facilities are available in order to improve responsiveness and maximize flexibility. The above factors tend to make the shipment reach the customers more quickly and which therefore has a direct impact on their satisfaction levels. The standards of service provided to end customers should be determined and mentioned on top of the list. The remaining strategic decisions should also be taken considering the customers interests. Frohne, (2008), Organization has to adjusting the supply chain as such to meet the market demand and product features, Determining the relation model among the supply chain participants, Selecting the suppliers, Determining on the distribution channels, Adopting a specific method of stock holding, Determining the location and nature of the warehouse, Formulating guidelines in selecting the transportation. Taking a decision on any of the above mentioned factors without giving due consideratio n to the customer needs may seriously affect the implementation of the general strategies of the supply chain, as the strategies of the supply chain are competitive in nature that aimed at end customer satisfaction.    The focus of supply chain on the customers can be studied more explicitly using the Quick Response concept, which means identifying the demands and reacting to its changes as quickly as possible. This concept was developed in relation to textile industry in order to avoid losses due to change in demand. The QR nature is such that it assume in close cooperation with the supply chains by providing maximum satisfaction to its customers by reducing the costs to its minimum. This becomes material if the customers provide timely information to the suppliers regarding their demands and they make timely supply of the demand. This method would no doubt increase sales by reducing the costs by bringing in profit to all the supply chains involved. 3.3 Procurement management: Procurement is appropriate goods at best cost which fulfill the requirement of purchase with good quality, quantity, time and location. It is regarding the profit orientation fastest growing business firm rather than simple cost cutting measures. There is an old saying Goods well bought are half sold, this means that the success of an organisation depends on the efficiency of its purchasing department. If organization purchase good quality raw material then its increase the productivity of internal operation, quality of final goods, reduce the wastage. Buying dept and selling departments are interlinked, in other words if buying dept purchased goods without proper consultation with the sales department which knows the nature and trend of the market, then the sales department cannot succeed to sell the goods at a profit. E.g. if purchase department without consult with sales dept purchase water resists packaging material in monsoon season to purchase waterproof material for packagin g its indirectly effect on business cost, time etc wastage. In monsoon season low business activity need low quantity of packaging material need to know quantity of material as well. Scientific purchasing methods should be adopted in order to purchase the right product at the right price and place, in right quantity and quality and from the right supplier. All these factors are interconnected. There is always confusion for all the concerns regarding what to buy, where and how to buy. All these problems can be solved by performing the following purchasing functions. Jones, James V., p82(2006) Planning the purchase of goods: The producer should decide on the required amount of stock of raw materials and parts that is to be purchased on the basis of expected volume of sales and the estimated rate of production. It has some sub functions that has to be followed to make the purchase effectively. They are preparation of the budget, determination of quantities to be ordered, stock turno ver, consideration of effects of changes in fashion and price changes. Assembling: It means gathering goods from various sources and bringing them to the business place. E.g. Head office ordered for packaging material and store in warehouse then need to supply at all branches on right time. If goods received from japan to deliver at north London then japan branch send goods to main office at uk branch then they supplies to London branch and London branch supply to north london branch whom deliver it to customer. Locating the sources of supply: The buyers have to search for various sources of supply and maintain contact with them. In the selection of the suppliers, the buyers should consider the efficiency, rate and location, capacity of supply goods, goodwill and financial stability of the suppliers. It is always desirable to maintain liaison with two or more suppliers to ensure uninterrupted supply in case of non availability of raw material from one supplier buyer sure for a vailable from another supplier and supply of raw material not interrupted. Market news: The buyers should be always aware of the market, the prices, the change in fashion, tastes and attitude of the customers should be updated. The launching of the product and their impact on the customers should also be monitored by survey of customers like-dislikes, market share, market trends etc. Negotiation of terms: After the above activities have been completed the buyer has to finalise on buying. For this he has to negotiate with the suppliers terms and conditions. Usual negotiations will be on the quality, quantity, price, discounts and terms of delivery. Transfer of title: Finally, immediately after the payment the buyer should get the title transferred in his name. He should get the relevant documents like final agreement copy, terms and condition letter, quotation etc in his custody. To take a quick look at how CEVA logistics a leading supply chain management company has tied up its hands with Ford, a global leader in the automotive world, proved to be a success. The operation is located closely to the plants proximity and provides small lot market consuming areas, container management and efficient transportation system. CEVA was awarded three awards for its efficient supply chain in providing customer satisfaction through maintaining quality, fast delivery and excellence in management from Ford. 3.4 Financial aspects of logistics: Financial managers have a responsibility to raise capital for maintaining inventory and also for the firms overall profitability. There is a global solution for low risk work. Once a company enters to do business globally its financial risks also arises. It needs to ask questions as to how it will get its money in business or whether the goods will be accepted only after the shipment. Companies can use various financial instruments that banks offer nowadays in the form of letter of credit and the like. The payment condition regulates the flow of goods or services in the logistic system and the mode of payment. Some of the common means of payment are way bills, letter of credit, commercial invoice etc. on the basis of payment conditions; banks have adopted a new means of payment under the term called financial engineering. These have proved to be very much useful in enabling the free of capital that is blocked in ventures and also reducing the time of funds being locked up in busine ss. They also have to verify the terms and contract of payment with customer and what is fixed expense are occurred against payment method with customers. The currencies of various countries can also affect international logistics in many ways. These are foreign exchange control and risks of exchange associated with warehousing. This can be reduced by selecting specific company locations, countries that have a stable market for their currencies. By reducing the order processing time can also minimise the risks involved in exchange rate.    3.5 Packaging and Inventory Management Packaging is technology of preparing goods for transportation, sales, warehousing, logistics, evaluate the design of product. Packaging is concerned with the planning, distribution, sals and storage etc. Packaging makes attractive to the end consumers the old product. It is a group effort of the designer, the researcher, the engineer, the marketing expert, the sales department and the top management. It should be designed in a systematic manner in order to achieve its very purpose (Voortman, 2004).  The various factors to be considered while taking packaging decisions are the size, colour, material, text, brand name, caption etc. In packaging designs the AIDAS formula (see Figure 1) has to be successfully implied. AIDAS represents five basic points. They are attention, interest, desire, action and satisfaction. These are very much important in the supply chain strategy which goes ultimately in meeting the customer needs. The need of packaging is to ensures the supply of righ t quantity and quality of the product, to protects the product from any damage caused due to dust, mishandling, pilferage etc, to makes the handling of products conveniently, to facilitates the storage of products, to makes it convenient to distinguish our products from that of the others, to makes the product more attractive, to helps the customers to reuse the product for some other purposes Packaging holds a very important place in the supply chain logistic management. Only when the products are presented well the customers has an urge to buy it more frequently. Fig. 1 AIDAS Source:- self 4. Inventory Management:  Inventory management aims to handle all function correctly with tracking and management of material. Inventory management is very wide definition like to replenishment lead time , carrying costs of inventory, asset management, forecasting, valuation, visibility, future inventory cost, space, quality etc. The ultimate aim of supply chain management is how well you manage your inventory. Manufacturers face a number of challenges which require not just exceptional planning but also an effective communication setup that keeps you updated at the spur of a moment. From rapid changes of customer demands, globalisation or even natural calamities can cause your inventory to be stuck up paving way for no wages to the employees. Therefore there should be a quick information system to discuss the inbound and outbound issues affecting the demand and supply. For this there should be a well managed supply chain inventory management in order to keep the business running without any interruptions ( Bowersox, 2000) There are benefits and risks of holding inventory as mentioned below, Avoiding risks of sale: If a desired amount of inventory are stored that are ready to be sold, can bring in return to the company. It can avoid losing its customers for non supply of products. Shelf-stocks are those products which are sold to its customers with little or no modifications; an example of such a product is automobiles. Quantity discount: When goods are purchased in bulk quantity the suppliers offer a discount. This is in fact helps the buyer to make a more margin in profit. Even sometimes suppliers are ready to supply goods on credit for time period like one week /month thats all capital invest in other source for time being help to cash cycle. Reducing ordering costs: Each time an order has to be placed it incurs certain expenses like mailing costs, typing, approving and the like, so if inventory is stored in bulk it can reduce the ordering costs to a great extend. Red ucing the set up costs: Start up costs is incurred each time a product is produced. Maintaining large stocks of inventory helps in reducing the set up costs. Reducing risks of production shortage: If any part of a product is unavailable it may result in the production to stay at a halt. Therefore it is good to hold inventories to maintain sufficient flow of supply to the customers. Avoiding risks of holding inventories: Reduction or decline in the market price: It faces the risks of price cutting by competitors or the arrival of a new product. In such situations holding inventories in large    amount would only prove to be a loss for the holding firm. Also inventories more money on new product like advertisement, launching, promotion offers, discount schemes etc. Deterioration of the product: Product may get worse when it is held for longer periods. Obsolescence of the product: The product may become obsolete and outdated when the customers tastes and preferences change.  While dealing with inventory management in the supply chain it is also advised to go through the costs of holding inventory. The costs associated with inventory are of two types; direct costs and indirect costs. The direct costs of holding inventory are the materials cost, ordering costs and carrying costs. The indirect costs of holding inventory are costs of funds tied up in inventory (opportunity cost) and the costs of running out of stock (stock-out cost) (Waters, 2003). When critically evaluating the inventory management we can sum up the objectives like to ensure that the materials are available for production without interruption, To maintain sufficient stock of raw material in times of shortage, To ensure that inventory of finished goods are readily made available to meet the customer demands., To maintain a balance between the inventories., To prevent the inventory from deterioration by providing proper warehousing and insurance.   From the above mentioned points it is evaluated that inventory if not controlled properly may either way prove to be wastage to the concern. This has induced the need to find out techniques to control the inventory. 4.1 Economic Order Quantity: EOQ (see Figure 2) is the level where total demands of product is constant over and each new order is delivered in regularly when in the inventory is reach at zero level. It is important to note that only the right amount of the inventory has to be stored. EOQ means the determination of the right quantity to be purchased. A balance has to be maintained between the carrying costs and the ordering cost. EOQ is the point where the total cost of ordering and the cost of carrying the inventory would be the minimum. For EOQ we assume that the ordering cost, rate of demand, purchase price and delivery quantity are constant with fixed lead time. The main point here to be noted is whether you increase or decrease the purchase the total of all the costs should be maintained at a minimum (Stock, 1993). Fig. -2 Formulas for Economic Order Quantity. Source:- Google Image. 4.2 ABC analysis: ABC analysis (See Figure 3) is a technique of exercising selective control over inventory items. It is a method of controlling material according to its value. Its a mechanism for impact on inventory cost by identifying items. A concern need not exercise the same degree of control over all materials. Materials of high value should be closely controlled than materials of low value. Accordingly, the materials will be grouped as A, B and C. A category material constitutes only a small percentage of the total items but they have the highest value. By category items constitutes a higher percentage of the total items but have only a medium value and the C category items constitutes the highest percentage in the total inventory but it has the lowest value. ABC analysis is based on the principles of Selective Inventory Management. Fig-3 ABC Analysis. Source Google Image 4.3 Determination of Re-order level: Re-order level (See Figure 4) is that level of inventory at which the firm should place orders in order to maintain stock of the inventory. It is with regard to the timing of purchase. When orders are placed new products will reach the before it runs out of stock. Last minute order placing is not found here as the orders are placed slightly above the minimum stock level. The above techniques can go on a long way to control the sufficient inventory. As inventory forms the life blood of a concern not a minute carelessness can be made in maintaining adequate stock of inventory. As there is a supply chain all over the globe it is high time to forgo with traditional inventory management process and continuously manage inventory through the global supply chains to optimise the inventory. The excellence in supply chain is required to strike a balance between the lead times, budgets, inventory costs and the risks. In order to maintain optimum utilization of inventory it is necessary to balance the supply chain management against the business policies, changing market demands, risks and other constraints. It makes it important to know what inventories to carry, how, when and in what form. Fig. -4 Diagram of Reorder Level. Source:- Google Image. 5. Physical Distribution and Monitoring Performance: 5.1 Warehousing Another important area which forms an important part of the supply chains strategy is the provision of proper storage and warehousing facilities until the goods are ready to be consumed by the end customers. Its primary aim is controlling the movement and storage of goods until they are demanded in the market. Warehouse management system aids in supporting the associated areas like transportation, put away and picking (Frazelle, 2002). Here the warehousing systems can be managed in both ways either manually or automatically. In order to explain this much better an illustration is explained below. A UK based company is a manufacturer of books, cards, antiques and other souvenirs. The company has to ship its products to more than 500 destinations around the world. Now to know the challenge it has faced, it managed to build up its own warehouse of a 10,000 foot and used paper based system. All the products have to be located based on the colour or relying completely on the staffs empl oyed there. But this system proved to be inefficient as there always raised confusion between the products as different products sometimes were of the same colour. This took up a lot of time and energy of the concern and they were piling up with shipments that were yet to be dispatched. This started to affect the concern both on its revenue as well as its customer satisfaction. It also led to the duplication of work as the same lists were printed twice. They recognised that they needed a better system that would help them manage their work as well as increase their customer satisfaction level (SchÃÆ'nsleben, Paul , 2004). After months of research they were able to realise that their system was outdated and no longer reliable. They found out a better more sophisticated method called the Naxtor warehouse management solution which made the pick automatically. It helped to bring tools to the disposal of the employees thereby eradicating a paper free environment. In weeks it was able to pick up with the market and began gaining customer satisfaction. From the above research it was found that warehousing and storage is not just an easy affair, it has to undergo a series of process to reach the market and if any delay occurs anywhere it ends up in the ruining of the product.  5.2 Methodology: To study how a logistic company uses its different streams to sustain in the market. It discusses the companys background and goes on in analysing its logistic planning and operations. The above case helped to evaluate that the methods used in Tolam Logistics can also be used in any small scale business. Its relationship with Toshiba and Sanyo for the past years shows its loyalty. This important is the need for good customer relation. Logistic companies can prepare for business partnerships. Basically, it will make use of primary as well as secondary data in the process. Here the secondary data will be collected from company publications and academic resources already published. Moreover, if possible, an effort will be made to arrange some interactions with the managers in the company. The data analysis will involve various forms of content analysis as well as grounded theory principles and the details of the same will be provided in the further stages. There can be some logistical issues here in collecting the data and contacting the respondents and also in eliciting appropriate responses but it is being hope that it would be achieved at the end of the day. 5.3 Discussion: To discuss about the matter that I have presented above shows the worth of logistics supply chain as a means not only to support customer satisfaction but also to make all other participants of the supply chain aware of their role in making the supply chain strategy a success. The success of supply chain however depends on the satisfaction levels of the customer as it is the customer who receives the end product in the most favourable form from the suppliers. Firstly it dealt with the small, medium and large scale logistic companies, with the objective of finding out their logistic functions and the threats they face in todays modern economy and the means they develop to overcome those threats. To discuss about the dissertation regarding Tolam Logistics, a critical evaluation has been made into its individual operation in the logistic strategy. The main objective of this dissertation is to know how the company has developed over the years and the various changes it has undergone an d what are the opportunities for it in the future. A proper analysis has been made on its background, its objectives, its strategies and the technologies used by it to achieve its goals. 6. Conclusion: In this dissertation an attempt is being made to study the relevant factors that affect a logistic supply chain. The success of it will depend on the ability to gather the correct data efficiently and then in analyzing them. As the supply chain include of everything from planning, purchasing, production, storing of finished goods, transferring it to customers and after service, all these have proven to be interrelated and the negligence of any one area may prove to be fatal for the supply chain logistics. So, this study is expected to deliver some important insights into this critical field. The following areas need more attention: The governments need to support these companies by providing the necessary infrastructure. Technical support must be provided by the client companies Employee should be considered a vital factor All companies should learn to respect its clients/customers Web based or system based communication should be employed effectively Performance measures, costing methods and metrics should be adopted more vibrantly in helping the small and medium logistic companies to perform better.